WebAIM - Web Accessibility In Mind

Screen Reader User Survey #3 Results

Introduction

In December 2010, WebAIM conducted a survey of preferences of screen reader users. We received 1245 valid responses to this survey (1049 English, 101 Spanish, 91 French, and 4 Portuguese responses). This was a follow-up survey to the original WebAIM Screen Reader User Survey of January 2009 and follow-up surveys in October 2009. Follow-up surveys were conducted in May 2012, January 2014, July 2015, and October 2017.

A few disclaimers and notices:

  • Totals may not equal 100% due to rounding.
  • Total responses (n) for each question may not equal 1245 due to respondents not answering that particular question.
  • The sample was not controlled and may not represent all screen reader users.
  • Data was analyzed using JMP Statistical Discovery Software version 8.
  • We hope to conduct a survey of this nature again in the future. If you have recommendations or questions you would like asked, please let us know.

Demographics

Disability Reported

Pie chart showing reported disability

Do you use a screen reader due to a disability?
Response# of Respondents% of Respondents
Yes110791%
No1119%

Screen Reader Proficiency

Pie Chart of Screen Reader Proficiency

Please rate your screen reader proficiency
Response# of Respondents% of Respondents
Advanced64452.6%
Intermediate50441.2%
Beginner756.1%

Those who use screen readers due to a disability report themselves as being much more proficient with screen readers. 3% of those with disabilities considered their proficiency to be "Beginner" compared to 36% of those without disabilities.

Internet Proficiency

Pie Chart of Internet Proficiency

Please rate your proficiency using the Internet
Response# of Respondents% of Respondents
Advanced76562.5%
Intermediate43735.7%
Beginner221.7%

61% of those who use screen readers due to a disability reported "Advanced" Internet proficiency compared to 86% of those without disabilities.

Primary Screen Reader

Primary Screen Reader

Which of the following is your primary desktop/laptop screen reader?
Screen Reader# of Respondents% of Respondents
JAWS72759.2%
Window-Eyes13811.2%
VoiceOver1209.8%
NVDA1058.6%
System Access or System Access To Go584.7%
ZoomText403.3%
Other403.3%

Most notable is a significant decline in primary usage of JAWS - down to 59.2% from 66.4% as reported in October 2009. All other screen readers saw an increase in usage, with NVDA gaining the greatest ground with a nearly 300% increase in usage in 14 months. There was no marked difference in primary screen reader use between respondents with and without disabilities; however, those without disabilities were more likely to use NVDA (19.8% of respondents) than those with disabilities (7.6%). Those with a screen reader proficiency of "Beginner" were less likely to use JAWS and Window-Eyes and 3 times more likely to use NVDA than those with "Advanced" screen reader proficiency.

Screen Readers Commonly Used

Screen Readers Commonly Used

Which of the following desktop/laptop screen readers do you commonly use? (select all that apply)
Screen Reader# of Respondents% of Respondents
JAWS86669.6%
Window-Eyes23619.0%
VoiceOver25120.2%
NVDA43334.8%
System Access or System Access To Go20216.2%
ZoomText766.1%
Other927.4%

JAWS (75.2% to 69.6%), Window-Eyes (23.5% to 19.0%), and System Access (22.3% to 16.2%) saw decreases in usage since October 2009. VoiceOver (6% in January 2009 to 14.6% in October 2009 to 20.2% in December 2010) and NVDA (8% in January 2009 to 25.6% in October 2009 to 34.8% in December 2010) saw significant increases in usage.

The following chart shows changes in screen reader usage over time.
Chart of screen reader usage showing decreases in JAWS, Window-Eyes, and SA, and increases in VoiceOver and NVDA.

47% of respondents commonly use more than one screen reader, 20% use more than two, and 7% use more than three screen readers.

Screen Reader Updates

Screen Reader Updates

Has your primary screen reader been updated in the last year?
Response# of Respondents% of Respondents
Yes96180%
No24120%

The vast majority of respondents updated their primary screen reader within the previous year. This is slightly higher than the 75% who reported updating within a year in January 2009, but slightly lower than the 83.6% who reported the same in October 2009. It's important to note, however, that many users may still be using screen readers that are several years old.

Browsers

Chart showing browser usage

When using your primary screen reader, which browser do you use most often?
Browser# of Respondents% of Respondents
Internet Explorer 852243.1%
Firefox 3+28523.5%
Internet Explorer 715112.5%
Safari1169.6%
Internet Explorer 6635.2%
Internet Explorer 9544.5%
Others201.7%

Internet Explorer accounts for 65.3% of the browser share among respondents. At the time of publication, this is significantly higher than that of the general population. When compared to the October 2009 survey, Internet Explorer usage dropped from 70.9% whereas Firefox (18.8% to 23.5%) and Safari (8.3% to 9.6%) usage both increased. Those without disabilities were twice as likely as those with disabilities to use Firefox (43.7% compared to 21.8%) and much less likely to use Internet Explorer (47.6% compared to 66.5%).

JavaScript Enabled

Pie chart showing respondents with JavaScript enabled

Respondents with JavaScript enabled
JavaScript Enabled% of Respondents
Yes98.4%
No1.6%

10.4% of respondents to the October 2009 survey indicated that they have JavaScript disabled in their web browser. As respondents submitted responses to this survey we detected the presence of JavaScript. We found that very few respondents had it disabled or unavailable in their web browser. Of the 19 respondents with JavaScript disabled, 12 were using Firefox (presumably with the NoScript add-on enabled) and 5 were using Lynx with Linux.

Free/Low-cost Screen Readers

Pie chart showing viability of free/low cost screen readers

Do you see free or low-cost screen readers (such as NVDA or VoiceOver) as currently being viable alternatives to commercial screen readers?
Response# of Respondents% of Respondents
Yes75260.4%
No18414.8%
I Don't Know30924.8%

47.8% answered "Yes" to this question in October 2009. The perception of free or low-cost screen readers seems to have improved.

Perhaps not surprisingly, 54% of JAWS users and 47% of Window-Eyes users answered "Yes" compared to an overwhelming 98% of NVDA users and 95% of VoiceOver users.

Mobile Screen Readers

Mobile Screen Reader Usage

Chart showing mobile screen reader usage

Do you use a screen reader on a mobile phone or mobile handheld device?
Response# of Respondents% of Respondents
Yes79666.7%
No39833.3%

This represents a 550% increase in mobile screen reader usage in under two years (only 12% reported using a mobile screen reader in January 2009) and a significant increase over the 53% that reported using a mobile screen reader in October 2009. Mobile screen reader use among those without disabilities is also much higher at 32% compared to just 8% in October 2009. Not surprisingly, more proficient screen reader users were more likely to use a mobile screen reader (79% of advanced users compared to only 26% of beginners), though the mobile screen reader usage by beginners was only 3% in October 2009, suggesting a broader adoption across screen reader users.

Mobile Platforms

Chart showing mobile platform usage

Which of the following is your primary mobile platform?
Mobile Platform# of Respondents% of Respondents
Nokia40042.4%
Apple iPhone or iPod touch30832.6%
Android384.0%
Blackberry101.1%
Palm3.3%
Other18519.6%

22% of those without disabilities use an Android device compared to only 2% of those with disabilities. Nokia usage was 3 times higher among those with disabilities than among those without disabilities. iPhone usage was largely the same among these populations.

Mobile Screen Readers Used

Mobile Screen Readers Commonly Used

Which of the following mobile screen readers do you commonly use? (Choose all that apply)
Mobile Platform# of Respondents% of Respondents
Nuance Talks37430.0%
VoiceOver for iPhone33827.1%
Mobile Speak20316.3%
TalkBack for Android312.5%
Orator/Oratio for BlackBerry8.6%
Other806.4%

Magnification

Magnification

Do you commonly use screen magnification (dedicated screen enlarger, increased text sizes, page zoom, etc.)?
Response# of Respondents% of Respondents
Yes14612.8%
No99787.2%

Web Accessibility Progress

Impacts on Accessibility

Chart showing impacts on accessibility

Which of the following do you think would have a bigger impact on improvements to web accessibility?
Response# of Respondents% of Respondents
Better (more accessible) web sites91675.8%
Better assistive technology29324.2%

In October 2009, 68.6% of respondents answered "better web sites" to this question. This change perhaps reflects improvements to assistive technology or possibly the shift to other screen readers such as NVDA or VoiceOver. There was minimal difference between the responses based on disability, proficiency, or screen reader used.

Social Media

Chart showing social media frequently used

Which of the following social media sites or tools do you frequently use?
Social Media Tool# of Respondents% of Respondents
Blogs53142.6%
Facebook65052.2%
LinkedIn20016.1%
MySpace463.7%
Twitter53342.8%
YouTube67151.9%
Music sharing sites1098.8%

Social media usage is largely unchanged since October 2009, with Facebook seeing an increase in usage from 42% to 52.2% of respondents. MySpace saw a decrease from 9% to 3.7%. Respondents without disabilities were somewhat more likely to use all of the social media tools listed.

Social Media Accessibility

Chart showing social media accessibility

In general, how accessible are social media web sites to you?
Response# of Respondents% of Respondents
Very Accessible1019.3%
Somewhat Accessible56752.3%
Somewhat Inaccessible26224.1%
Very Inaccessible898.2%
I Don't Know666.1%

HTML5

Chart showing feelings regarding HTML5

Which of the following best describes your feelings regarding HTML5?
Response# of Respondents% of Respondents
HTML5 will increase web accessibility34833.7%
HTML5 will not change web accessibility11911.5%
HTML5 will decrease web accessibility555.3%
I don't know51149.5%

Nearly half of respondents didn't know their feelings regarding HTML5. Of those that expressed opinions, the majority have a positive outlook regarding HTML5. Respondents without disabilities were more optimistic - 47% answered that it will increase web accessibility compared to 32% of those with disabilities.

ARIA Landmarks

Chart showing usage of ARIA landmarks

ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) introduces something called landmarks. These provide quick access to page areas, such as navigation, search, and main content. Which of the following best describes your use of landmarks?
Response# of Respondents% of Respondents
I didn't know this functionality existed34230.9%
I do not use landmarks for navigation28725.9%
I sometimes use landmarks for navigation27725.0%
I use landmarks for navigation whenever they are present16114.5%
My screen reader does not support landmarks403.6%

Awareness of landmarks has increased - 42% were unaware of this functionality in October 2009. However, these data continue to show mixed levels of usage.

Finding Information

Pie chart showing methods for finding information on a page

When trying to find information on a lengthy web page, which of the following are you most likely to do first?
Response# of Respondents% of Respondents
Navigate through the headings on the page69357.2%
Use the "Find" feature26121.5%
Navigate through the links of the page15512.8%
Read through the page1038.5%

The use of headings to find information has increased from 50.8% to 57.2% since October 2009, while all other methods saw decreases in use over this time period. These responses show the prevalent use of headings and underscore our previous findings which indicate that a good heading structure is a very important aspect of web accessibility and usability. Those with advanced screen reader proficiency are more likely to use headings over other methods (64% use headings) than those with beginner proficiency (44% use headings).

Access keys

Chart showing use of access keys

When access keys (keys defined by web site developers to provide page-specific shortcuts) are available on a page, how often do you use them?
Response# of Respondents% of Respondents
Whenever they're available19815.9%
Often14411.6%
Sometimes32826.3%
Seldom28222.7%
Never24519.7%
No Response483.9%

27.5% of respondents indicate that they always or often use access keys, a decrease from 38% in the January 2009 survey.

Mobile Versions

Chart showing use of mobile site alternatives

If a mobile version of a web site is available, how often do you use it instead of the standard web site?
Response# of Respondents% of Respondents
Whenever they're available15413.9%
Often22320.1%
Sometimes34030.7%
Seldom17615.9%
Never21419.3%

Using mobile versions of a site is more common among respondents who are less proficient with their screen reader.

Text-only or Screen Reader Versions

Chart showing use of text-only or screen reader versions

If a text-only or screen reader version of a web site is available, how often do you use it?
Response# of Respondents% of Respondents
Whenever they're available27221.9%
Often19115.3%
Sometimes33126.6%
Seldom22818.3%
Never16213.0%
No Response614.9%

These responses are largely unchanged from responses to the January 2009 survey. Only 14% of those without disabilities reported using text-only or screen reader versions often or whenever they're available compared to 39% of those with disabilities. This may suggest that those with disabilities find greater usage in text-only or screen reader versions than those without disabilities might think or hope. Despite this, the fact that so many users seldom or never use such sites suggests that this approach to accessibility is not optimal.

Heading Structures

Chart showing heading structure preferences

Which of the following page heading structures is easiest for you?
Response# of Respondents% of Respondents
One first level heading that contains the site name13612.5%
One first level heading that contains the document title40337.1%
Two first level headings, one for the site name and one for the document title54650.3%

These responses are of interest as the use of two <h1>s is generally at odds with most recommendations. Of note is that a single <h1> for the site name is by far the least desired.

Longdesc

Chart showing usefulness of longdesc

How useful is longdesc (a method of providing a long description for complex images) to you?
Response# of Respondents% of Respondents
Very useful28626.2%
Somewhat useful37534.4%
Not very useful12311.3%
Not at all useful595.4%
I don't know24722.7%

These responses show a strong usefulness of the longdesc attribute, which is currently under debate for omission from HTML5. Also of note is that 22.7% of respondents do not know the usefulness of longdesc, suggesting a need for better education or presentation of this functionality in screen readers.

Conclusion

The conclusion identified in the previous screen reader user surveys remains - there is no typical screen reader user. These results highlight significant changes and trends over a span of only 2 years, results that we hope will drive informed web accessibility practices.

A few items of note:

  • JAWS is still the primary screen reader, but usage is decreasing as usage of NVDA and VoiceOver significantly increases.
  • The perception of free or low-cost screen readers is improving.
  • 98.4% of respondents had JavaScript enabled.
  • The outlook for future web accessibility is optimistic.
  • Two-thirds of the respondents use a screen reader on a mobile device, up from only 12% two years ago.
  • Most respondents find longdesc useful.